[PRNewswire] Merck Data at ESMO 2018 Congress Highlight Multiple Therapeutics

[PRNewswire] Merck Data at ESMO 2018 Congress Highlight Multiple Therapeutics
with Potential to Transform Cancer Care

- Not intended for distribution in the USA, Canada or UK
- ESMO Abstract #
- Avelumab: LBA6_PR, 659P, 1290P, 1291P, 1282P, 877P; M7824 (TGF β-trap/anti-PD-L1):1048O, 1463P, 1931P, 757P, 643P, 642P, 661P; tepotinib (MET kinase inhibitor): 1377O, 621PD, 698P; M6620: 1437P; M3814: 1845P; M7583: 1014PD; abituzumab: 487P; Erbitux(R)(cetuximab): 124P, 484P, 509P, 493P, 521P, 510P, 481P, 486P, 1057P, 1108P, 1068P, 1064P, 1293P

-- First presentation of Phase III data for avelumab (plus axitinib) in previously untreated, advanced kidney cancer
-- New and updated data for bifunctional immunotherapy M7824
-- Results from Phase II trials for tepotinib, including in EGFR TKI-resistant NSCLC
-- Additional pipeline data feature abstracts for a further four innovative agents across multiple tumor types with a significant patient need

(DARMSTADT, Germany, October 9, 2018 PRNewswire=연합뉴스) Merck, a leading science and technology company, today announced that new data from a variety of high-priority clinical development programs will be presented at the ESMO 2018 Congress (European Society for Medical Oncology Annual Meeting), October 19-23, 2018, Munich, Germany.

In the year that Merck celebrates its 350-year anniversary, abstracts at the congress represent a company record with eight therapeutic agents across 14 tumor types, reinforcing Merck's position at the forefront of clinical development in oncology.

"Our data at this year's European Society for Medical Oncology Congress expand our understanding of avelumab in renal cell carcinoma and other tumors, and demonstrate the headway we are making with our pipeline, including bifunctional immunotherapy M7824 and tepotinib," said Luciano Rossetti, Global Head of Research & Development for the Biopharma business of Merck. "We look forward to many more years of real and significant progress towards our vision of transforming the management and treatment of cancer."

Data from the Phase III study JAVELIN Renal 101, evaluating avelumab* in combination with axitinib, compared with sunitinib as initial therapy for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), will be presented for the first time during the Presidential Symposium at ESMO on Sunday, October 21, 2018 at 5:20 PM - 5:35 PM CEST. Avelumab is being jointly developed and commercialized with Pfizer. The results represent the first positive Phase III immunotherapy trial in combination with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in any tumor type, supporting Merck's interest in the potential use of avelumab in combination with currently approved therapies and novel agents. These results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Other updates include new avelumab data in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) and advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer.

New data for M7824 will be presented from expansion cohorts of two ongoing Phase I clinical trials, including the first tumor-specific data for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), biliary tract cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma. In addition, updated data for M7824 in patients with gastric cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) will be shared. M7824, discovered in-house at Merck, is an investigational bifunctional immunotherapy designed to combine a transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) trap by 'fusing' it with the anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) mechanism. To date more than 650 patients with various types of solid tumors have been treated across the program with M7824 and the safety profile is consistent with that observed with other PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and previously described skin lesions (keratoacanthomas, SCC, hyperkeratosis) associated with TGF-β-inhibiting therapies.

Data for tepotinib** include results from three Phase II trials in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) TKI-resistant NSCLC and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, providing further evidence of this precision medicine's potential clinical activity in a range of tumors. Tepotinib, discovered in-house at Merck, is an investigational, oral MET inhibitor that is designed to selectively inhibit the oncogenic MET receptor signaling caused by MET (gene) alterations or MET protein overexpression.

Additional pipeline abstracts feature updated data from Merck's comprehensive DNA damage response (DDR) portfolio. These include results from a Phase I trial investigating M6620 (formerly VX-970) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced NSCLC, and combined data from two Phase I trials of DNA-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, M3814. Results will also be shared from a Phase I/II trial of M7583, a Bruton's TKI, in patients with B-cell malignancies, as well as a retrospective analysis of the Phase I/II Poseidon study investigating abituzumab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).

Data to be presented at the congress for Erbitux(R) will add to the growing body of real-world evidence supporting the therapy's role as a standard of care in RAS wild-type mCRC and first-line recurrent or metastatic SCCHN (R/M SCCHN), and for patients with locally advanced SCCHN (LA SCCHN) who may not be able to tolerate cisplatin-based regimens in full.

*Avelumab is under clinical investigation for the treatment of RCC, MCC, CRC, gastric and GEJ cancer, and has not been demonstrated to be safe and effective for these indications. There is no guarantee that avelumab will be approved for RCC, CRC, gastric or GEJ cancer by any health authority worldwide.

**Tepotinib is the recommended International Nonproprietary Name (INN) for the MET kinase inhibitor MSC2156119J. Tepotinib is currently under clinical investigation and not approved for any use anywhere in the world.

Tepotinib, M7824, M3814, M7583, M6620 and abituzumab are under clinical investigation and have not been proven to be safe and effective. There is no guarantee any product will be approved in the sought-after indication by any health authority worldwide.

Notes to Editors

Key Merck-supported abstracts slated for presentation are listed below. In addition, a number of investigator-sponsored studies have been accepted (not listed).

Avelumab
Late-Breaking Abstracts
Title: JAVELIN Renal 101: a randomized, phase 3 study of avelumab + axitinib vs sunitinib as first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC)
Lead Author: R Motzer
Abstract #: LBA6_PR
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 4:30 - 6:10 PM (5:20 - 5:35 PM lecture time)
Location: Hall A2 - Room 18

Poster Sessions
Title: Avelumab (anti-PD-L1) in Japanese patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer (GC/GEJC): updated results from the phase 1b JAVELIN Solid Tumor JPN trial
Lead Author: T Doi
Abstract #: 659P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Avelumab in European patients (pts) with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (mMCC): experience from an ad hoc expanded access program (EAP)
Lead Author: P Nathan
Abstract #: 1290P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Cost-effectiveness (CE) of avelumab vs standard care (SC) for the treatment of patients (pts) with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (mMCC)
Lead Author: M Bharmal
Abstract #: 1291P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Responder analysis based on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and clinical endpoints (CEPs) in patients (pts) with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (mMCC) treated with avelumab
Lead Author: SP D'Angelo
Abstract #: 1282P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: First-line (1L) or second-line (2L) avelumab monotherapy in patients (pts) with advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC) enrolled in the phase 1b JAVELIN Solid Tumor trial
Lead Author: UN Vaishampayan
Abstract #: 877P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Mon, Oct 22, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

M7824 (TGF β-trap/anti-PD-L1)
Proffered Paper Session
Title: M7824 (MSB0011359C), a bifunctional fusion protein targeting PD-L1 and TGF-β, in patients (pts) with advanced SCCHN: results from a phase 1 cohort
Lead Author: BC Cho
Abstract #: 1048O
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Mon, Oct 22, 2:45 - 4:15 PM (3:00 PM lecture time)
Location: ICM, Room 14B

Poster Sessions
Title: Updated results of M7824 (MSB0011359C), a bifunctional fusion protein targeting TGF-β and PD-L1, in second-line (2L) NSCLC
Lead Author: L Paz-Ares
Abstract #: 1463P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sat, Oct 20, 12:30 - 1:30 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Assessment of PD1/ PD-L1 colocalization in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using brightfield double labeling and quantitative digital image analysis
Lead Author: T Mrowiec
Abstract #: 1931P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: M7824 (MSB0011359C), a bifunctional fusion protein targeting PD-L1 and TGF-β, in Asian patients with pretreated biliary tract cancer: preliminary results from a phase 1 trial
Lead Author: C Yoo
Abstract #: 757P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: M7824 (MSB0011359C), a bifunctional fusion protein targeting PD-L1 and TGF-β, in patients with post-platinum esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC): preliminary results from a phase 1 cohort
Lead Author: B Tan
Abstract #: 643P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Phase 1 study results from an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cohort treated with M7824 (MSB0011359C), a bifunctional fusion protein targeting transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and PD-L1
Lead Author: CC Lin
Abstract #: 642P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Updated results from a phase 1 trial of M7824 (MSB0011359C), a bifunctional fusion protein targeting PD-L1 and TGF-β, in patients with pretreated recurrent or refractory gastric cancer
Lead Author: YJ Bang
Abstract #: 661P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1.45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Tepotinib
Proffered Paper Session
Title: Phase 2 study of tepotinib + gefitinib (TEP+GEF) in MET-positive (MET+)/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant (MT) non-small lung cancer (NSCLC)
Lead Author: YL Wu
Abstract #: 1377O
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Fri, Oct 19, 4:00 - 5:30 PM (4:51 PM lecture time)
Location: Hall A2, Room 18

Poster Discussion
Title: Phase 2 trial of tepotinib vs sorafenib in Asian patients (pts) with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Lead Author: BY Ryoo
Abstract #: 621PD
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Fri, Oct 19, 3:45 - 5:30 PM (4:25 PM lecture time)
Location: Hall B3, Room 21

Poster Session
Title: Phase 2 efficacy and safety data for the MET inhibitor tepotinib in patients (pts) with sorafenib-treated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Lead Author: T Decaens
Abstract #: 698P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

M6620
Poster Session
Title: Phase I dose expansion data for M6620 (formerly VX-970), a first-in-class ATR inhibitor, combined with gemcitabine (Gem) in patients (pts) with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Lead Author: R Plummer
Abstract #: 1437P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sat, Oct 20, 12:30 - 1:30 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

M3814
Poster Session
Title: Safety, clinical activity and pharmacological biomarker evaluation of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNAPK) inhibitor M3814: results from two phase I trials
Lead Author: M Mau-Sørensen
Abstract #: 1845P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sat, Oct 20, 12:30 - 1:30 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

M7583
Poster Session
Title: Phase I/II, first in human trial with M7583, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi), in patients with B cell malignancies
Lead Author: W Jurczak
Abstract #: 1014PD
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 4:30 - 5:45 PM
Location: Hall B3 - Room 21

Abituzumab
Poster session
Title: Patient selection for targeting integrin with abituzumab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). A retrospective analysis of the randomized phase I/II Poseidon study
Lead Author: R Laeufle
Abstract #: 487P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Erbitux
Poster Sessions
Title: Association of microRNA-21 (miR-21) with efficacy of cetuximab (cet) and bevacizumab (bev) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) within the FIRE-3 study (AIO KRK-0306)
Lead Author: L Miller-Phillips
Abstract #: 124P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sat, Oct 20, 12:30 - 1:30 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Retrospective RAS analysis of the EPIC trial: Cetuximab plus irinotecan versus irinotecan alone in patients with third- and further-line metastatic colorectal cancer
Lead Author: A Sobrero
Abstract #: 484P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Factors influencing conversion to resectability and survival after resection of metastases in RAS WT metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): analysis of FIRE-3-AIOKRK0306
Lead Author: DP Modest
Abstract #: 509P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Initial report of a phase I/II study of S-1 and irinotecan (IRIS) in combination with cetuximab in patients with wild-type (wt) RAS metastatic colorectal cancer
Lead Author: E Oki
Abstract #: 493P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: miR-31 as a prognostic and predictive marker of disease-free survival (DFS) in resected stage III colon cancer: a retrospective analysis of the PETACC-8 trial
Lead Author: Y Gaston-Math?
Abstract #: 521P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Targeted therapies in conversion therapy in mCRC: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Lead Author: BC Xing
Abstract #: 510P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Phase II study of cetuximab rechallenge in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: E-rechallenge trial
Lead Author: H Osawa
Abstract #: 481P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Prospective biomarker study in advanced RAS wild-type colorectal cancer. POSIBA trial. (GEMCAD 10-02)
Lead Author: X Garcia-Albeniz
Abstract #: 486P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Cetuximab + platinum-based therapy (PBT) as a first-line treatment for patients with recurrent/metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (R/M SCCHN): an observational study (ENCORE)
Lead Author: C Le Tourneau
Abstract #: 1057P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Can concomitant diseases predict the compliance with cisplatin plus RT in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (LA SCCHN)? An exploratory endpoint analysis of the COMPLY trial
Lead Author: J Dunst
Abstract #: 1108P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Cetuximab in combination with methotrexate (MTX) as first-line treatment in recurrent or metastatic (R/M) squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), a phase Ib - randomized phase II study versus single agent MTX
Lead Author: JC Ham
Abstract #: 1068P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Cetuximab in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy or radiotherapy in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic SSCHN in clinical routine: Updated interim results of the prospective SOCCER study
Lead Author: M Hecht
Abstract #: 1064P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hub

Title: Cetuximab in patients with unresectable cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is safe and effective - A real-life analysis
Lead Author: F Peyrade
Abstract #: 1293P
Presentation Date / Time (CEST): Sun, Oct 21, 12:45 - 1:45 PM
Location: Hall A3 - Poster Area Networking Hu

About Avelumab
Avelumab is a human anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) antibody. Avelumab has been shown in preclinical models to engage both the adaptive and innate immune functions. By blocking the interaction of PD-L1 with PD-1 receptors, avelumab has been shown to release the suppression of the T cell-mediated antitumor immune response in preclinical models.[1]-[3] Avelumab has also been shown to induce NK cell-mediated direct tumor cell lysis via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vitro.[3]-[5] In November 2014, Merck and Pfizer announced a strategic alliance to co-develop and co-commercialize avelumab.

Avelumab is currently being evaluated in the JAVELIN clinical development program, which involves at least 30 clinical programs, including seven Phase III trials, and more than 8,600 patients across more than 15 different tumor types. For a comprehensive list of all avelumab trials, please visit clinicaltrials.gov.

Approved Indications in the US
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval for avelumab (BAVENCIO(R)) for the treatment of (i) adults and pediatric patients 12 years and older with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (mMCC) and (ii) patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) who have disease progression during or following platinum-containing chemotherapy, or have disease progression within 12 months of neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment with platinum-containing chemotherapy. These indications are approved under accelerated approval based on tumor response rate and duration of response. Continued approval for these indications may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in confirmatory trials.

Important Safety Information from the US FDA Approved Label
The warnings and precautions for BAVENCIO include immune-mediated adverse reactions (such as pneumonitis, hepatitis, colitis, endocrinopathies, nephritis and renal dysfunction, and other adverse reactions), infusion-related reactions and embryo-fetal toxicity.

Common adverse reactions (reported in at least 20% of patients) in patients treated with BAVENCIO for mMCC and patients with locally advanced or mUC include fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, diarrhea, nausea, infusion-related reaction, peripheral edema, decreased appetite/hypophagia, urinary tract infection and rash.

About M7824
M7824 is an investigational bifunctional immunotherapy that is designed to bring together a TGF-β trap and 'fuse' it with the anti-PD-L1 mechanism. M7824 is designed to simultaneously block the two immunosuppressive pathways - targeting both pathways aims to control tumor growth by potentially restoring and enhancing anti-tumor responses. M7824 is currently in Phase I studies for solid tumors.

About Tepotinib
Tepotinib (MSC2156119J) is an investigational, oral MET inhibitor that is thought to inhibit oncogenic MET receptor signaling caused by MET (gene) alterations, including both MET exon 14 skipping mutations and MET amplifications, or MET protein overexpression. It is a precision medicine and is designed to have a highly selective mechanism of action.

About M6620
M6620 (previously known as VX-970) is an investigational small-molecule thought to inhibit ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR). ATR is believed to be a key sensor for DNA damage, activating the DNA damage checkpoint and leading to cell cycle arrest. Inhibition of ATR could potentially enhance the efficacy of DNA-damaging agents, but is also being investigated as a monotherapy against tumors with high levels of replication stress induced by overexpression of oncogenes.

About M3814
M3814 is an investigational small-molecule which is thought to inhibit DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). DNA-PK is a key enzyme for non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), an important DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway. Clinical studies investigating combinations of M3814 with other commonly used DNA-damaging agents such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy are underway.

About M7583
M7583 is an investigational therapy that is thought to be a highly selective covalent inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTKi) designed to minimize off-target effects.

About Abituzumab
Abituzumab is an investigational pan-αν integrin inhibiting monoclonal antibody thought to show activity against αvβ1, 3, 5, 6 and 8 integrin heterodimers. Merck entered into a development agreement with the SFJ Pharmaceuticals Group for abituzumab in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). This collaboration will allow Merck and SFJ to develop the potential of abituzumab in a targeted way, focusing on a patient population that may benefit from the treatment the most.

About Erbitux(R) (cetuximab)
Erbitux(R) is a IgG1 monoclonal antibody targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). As a monoclonal antibody, the mode of action of Erbitux is distinct from standard non-selective chemotherapy treatments in that it specifically targets and binds to the EGFR. This binding inhibits the activation of the receptor and the subsequent signal-transduction pathway, which results in reducing both the invasion of normal tissues by tumor cells and the spread of tumors to new sites. It is also believed to inhibit the ability of tumor cells to repair the damage caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy and to inhibit the formation of new blood vessels inside tumors, which appears to lead to an overall suppression of tumor growth. Based on in vitro evidence, Erbitux also targets cytotoxic immune effector cells towards EGFR expressing tumor cells (antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, ADCC).

The most commonly reported side effect with Erbitux is an acne-like skin rash. In approximately 5% of patients, hypersensitivity reactions may occur during treatment with Erbitux; about half of these reactions are severe.

Erbitux has already obtained market authorization in over 100 countries world-wide for the treatment of RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer and for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Merck licensed the right to market Erbitux, a registered trademark of ImClone LLC, outside the U.S. and Canada from ImClone LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, in 1998.

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About Merck
Merck is a leading science and technology company in healthcare, life science and performance materials. Almost 53,000 employees work to further develop technologies that improve and enhance life - from biopharmaceutical therapies to treat cancer or multiple sclerosis, cutting-edge systems for scientific research and production, to liquid crystals for smartphones and LCD televisions. In 2017, Merck generated sales of € 15.3 billion in 66 countries.

Founded in 1668, Merck is the world's oldest pharmaceutical and chemical company. The founding family remains the majority owner of the publicly listed corporate group. Merck holds the global rights to the Merck name and brand. The only exceptions are the United States and Canada, where the company operates as EMD Serono, MilliporeSigma and EMD Performance Materials.

References
1. Dolan DE, Gupta S. PD-1 pathway inhibitors: changing the landscape of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Control 2014;21:231-7.
2. Dahan R et al. FcγRs modulate the anti-tumor activity of antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Cancer Cell 2015;28:285-95.
3. Boyerinas B et al. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity of a novel anti-PD-L1 antibody avelumab (MSB0010718C) on human tumor cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2015;3:1148-57.
4. Kohrt HE et al. Combination strategies to enhance antitumor ADCC. Immunotherapy 2012;4:511-27.
5. Hamilton G, Rath B. Avelumab: combining immune checkpoint inhibition and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017;17:515-23.

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Source: Merck

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